Racism: White People and South Africa Essay

Compare and contrast between racism in Malaysia and South Africa. â€Å"Racism is man’s gravest threat to man – the maximum of hatred for a minimum of reason†, quoted by Abraham J. Heschel. As we know the history of racism is long and despicable one. The journey to overcome this obstacle that has plagued us for years is just as time consuming and the effort is overwhelming. A recent survey has showed that South Africa is the highest rate of racism among all the country. So now let us analyze the racism between Malaysia and South Africa. The most notable difference between the racism in Malaysia and South Africa is the oppression on women. Till today, men in Africa still hold the traditional perspective that women are like their property and subject to their abuse. The poverty Africa could be one of the main causes why women in Africa are still undergoing such a great deal of oppression unlike women in other areas. They were paid less for a greater amount of work and less benefits too. Sometime, they were dismissed without advance notice or termination pay. Besides, South Africa has the world’s highest level of reported rape – nearly half a million each year. So it is not surprising that South Africa is often called the â€Å"rape capital of the world†. It has shown that women in Africa typically hold lower status and normally weaker than men from physical and mentally. Therefore they are easily to be oppressed and exploited by African men. In Malaysia, the position of women today has greatly improved. The Government’s commitment to promote gender equality is evidenced by several policies, administrative decision and amendments to laws that have attempted to grant equal rights to women and to remove discrimination against them. It should perhaps be acknowledged that most of the changes made were in response to lobbying by women through unions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other women’s groups. For example, in relation to employment rights, women teachers succeeded in getting the Government to adopt the principle of equal pay for equal work in 1967. Yet another difference between the racism in two different countries is discrimination of different race. In South Africa, there is a prohibiting marriage between white people and people of other races. It considers as â€Å"unlawful racial intercourse† and â€Å"any immoral or indecent act† between a white person and an African, Indian or coloured person. Blacks were not allowed to run businesses in those areas designated as â€Å"white South Africa† without a permit. They were supposed to move to their homelands and set up businesses and practices there. Transport and civil facilities were segregated. Black buses stopped at black bus stops and white buses at white ones. Trains, hospitals and ambulances were segregated. Even though black people were not allowed to employ white people in white South Africa. Since Datuk Seri Najib Tun Abdul Razak became the sixth Prime Minister, he introduced a concept of solidarity, which is One Malaysia. 1 Malaysia brought the aspirations to improve race relations to ensure that the people of Malaysia to forge closer unity. The basic thing that needs to be created in the spirit of solidarity is a feeling of respect, sincerity and mutual trust between the races. Therefore, our citizens give priority to the interests of national allegiance and loyalty to the people and solve their own group. For example, one Indian got hit by a reckless car while he was playing outside the house. Some of neighbors (few Chinese but mostly Malays) quickly rushed for help, and they really got angry with the driver and almost smacked him! Although the neighbors are Malays, they stood for an Indian neighbor. Furthermore, the difference of racism between Malaysia and South Africa is the education system. South Africa has a high-cost, low-performance education system that does not compare favorably with education systems in other African countries, or in similar developing economies. There is a multitude of well-publicized problems, including a shortage of teachers, under qualified teachers and poor teacher performance. In the classroom, this results in poor learner standards and results, a lack of classroom discipline and is exacerbated by insufficient resources and inadequate infrastructure. So it is not surprising that many South Africans are low-educated and paid for little salaries. Malaysia’s educational system generally promotes surface and passive learning instead of deep and active learning which are crucial for creating a quality learning environment. The products of our school system are generally ill-prepared either for higher education work or life in general. As we know, our students lack critical and creative thinking skills because our educational system promotes conformity and uniformity. Therefore, a lot of step in transforming our education system are done. For example, one of the crucial steps is begin with the end in our mind. So, Malaysian students and graduates can possess adequate disciplinary knowledge, be self-confident and achievement-oriented persuasive and effective communicators. In conclusion, here are the main three differences between the racism in Africa and Malaysia. Even though racism is wrong, it is still being practiced in this country and in others. The origins are obscure, but it most likely had something to do with the fact that early humankind thought â€Å"black† (because it resembled â€Å"night†) was bad and â€Å"white† (because it resembled â€Å"day†) was good. But our enlightened society has more discernment than this, and we know that a person is neither good nor bad depending on the color of their skin.

Food Pyramid Essay

A healthy diet is composed of several groups of foods. The United States government developed the food pyramid in 1992 to suggest nutrition guidelines and intake endorsements for each of the food categories. The foods that we consume on a daily basis fall into food groups. The United States Department of Agriculture recognizes six major food groups. These groups are grains, vegetables, fruits, meat and beans, milk and fats. The foods in these groups all play important roles in nutrition and health. In April 2005, the United States Department of Agriculture released the MyPyramid food guidance system, a restructure of the older food pyramid focused on making healthy food choices and leading an active lifestyle. Any food made from wheat, oats, rice, cornmeal, barely or a cereal grain is considered a grain product. Grains are also known as carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the body’s primary energy source, which is the reason why grains are so important for our health. Foods such as pasta, oatmeal, cereal, bread and rice are grains. There are two types of grains, whole grains and refined grains. Whole grains are made from the entire grain. They are good sources of fiber, which help to reduce cholesterol levels and decrease the risk of heart disease. Refined grains are processed to remove parts of the grain known as the bran and germ, which strips the grain of most of its fiber and nutrients. Refined grains are then enhanced to add back iron and B vitamins. It is suggested at least half of grains eaten to be whole grains. Imagine there was a medicine that could reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, lower high blood pressure, prevent vision and digestive-system problems, and possibly lower the risk of cancer. There is no real medicine that can do all that, but according to the Harvard School of Public Health, you can get all of those health benefits just by eating plenty of fruits and vegetables. Despite their health benefits, only 10 percent of people in the United States consume the correct amount of fruits and vegetables. Those that eat fruits and vegetables are much healthier. The primary reason you should consume enough meat and beans each day is because these foods supply you with a healthy dose of protein. Protein supports healthy growth and development, including the correct formation of muscle and tissue. Eating sufficient amounts of protein is a healthy way to boost your energy so you can be physically active as well. One of the most notable vitamins present in meat and beans is niacin, a B vitamin that helps turn food into energy. Niacin has also been noted to have an increase in good cholesterol. The primary mineral in meat and beans is iron, which you need to produce healthy red blood cells that are able to transport oxygen throughout your body. Beans supply more iron per serving than meat, but both foods are healthy sources of this mineral. Milk has a rich source of calcium and minerals that our body needs to build and maintain strong bones and teeth and assist in the proper contraction of our muscles. It also provides a large amount of vitamins A, B, and D, all of which help proper growth and development. The main reason why milk is so important to the human body is because of how much calcium it carries with it. Fat is frequently criticized as a cause of rising obesity rates and problems associated with extra weight, making many people think they need to avoid fat. In fact, fats are important in your diet for a number of reasons. Fats provide your body with energy and provide storage spots for energy in the body. Because your body can’t make certain essential fatty acids, it relies on your diet to provide them. In conclusion, the primary food groups are very essential to your body in order for it to be healthy. At the looks of it, if humans weren’t consuming any of these food groups on a daily basis, in the long run it would cause a very large number of health problems. The reason why the food Pyramid was created was to show people a healthier life style to live so they can hopefully improve their health and lifespan. In general, eating healthy foods like this makes your body feel much better and you are generally much happier.

Essay On Nanoparticles - 1066 Words

In recent years, inorganic and chemosynthesized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SIONPs) such as Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MgNPs) have attracted extensive interest for their biocompatible (Kunzmann et al., 2011) and low toxic properties mainly in the human body studied (Jeng and Swanson, 2006; Karlsson et al., 2009) which make them as promising remedial tools in related fields. Magnetite nanoparticles is the most-studied for many technological applications in biomedicine, such as high sensitivity biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Bulte et al., 2001), in vivo targeted drug delivery (Sunderland et al., 2006), hyperthermic agents and enhancer in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer (Gupta and Gupta, 2005;†¦show more content†¦Whereas, marine macroalgae have richness in minerals (Wells et al., 2017) that can be used for the greener route synthesis of Fe3O4-MgNPs, and as bionanofactories materials (LewisOscar et al., 2016) have the ability to ac cumulate metals and reduces ions, and could be the superior contender for biosynthesis of metallic NPs (Davis et al., 1998). However, the synthesis of stable Fe3O4-MgNPs using algae extracts are very complicated due to the high reactivity, high particle instability, great propensity of iron ions to oxidization and reduced with a wide array of various chemical compounds, and high tendency to aggregate into agglomerates within the solution (EL-Kassas et al., 2016; Makarov et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2007). In view of inorganic iron oxide nanoecotoxicity, little studies report in the human (mainly inorganic Nano-Fe3O4) (Jeng and Swanson, 2006; Karlsson et al., 2009) and existence the criteria to define the toxicity of nanomaterials does not guarantee that iron oxide nanoparticles pose no potential risks in a challenge with environmental systems and are suitable for use in widespread applications. Hence, due to theirShow MoreRelatedNanoparticles Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesNanoparticles are materials with overall dimensions less then one hundred nanometers, they are also known as zero-dimensional materials. These particles differ from other nanomaterials because all their dimensions are in nanoscale, apposed to one dimensional or two-dimensional nanomaterials which have one or two dimensions greater then a nanoscale. Nanoparticles have amazing applications in medicine pushing the boundaries of what we can accomplish in areas like medical imaging and drug and gene deliveryRead MoreEss ay On Carbogenic Nanoparticles1511 Words   |  7 PagesTHE AIMS OF THE RESEARCH Carbogenic nanoparticles or as loosely named in literature C-dots ,CDs, CQDs is a new rising star in the class of photo luminescent materials that were reported to be non- toxic and biocompatible. In terms of shape and internal structure they are largely considered to be quasi-spherical Nano- entities with diameter ranging from 3-30 nm. Their elemental content, C-dots characteristically contains a large amount of carbon (at least 44.50%), along with Hydrogen and OxygenRead MoreEngineered Nanoparticles: A Cause for Responsible Innovation Essay916 Words   |  4 Pagesand the increasing incorporation of engineered nanoparticles into consumer products has presented very real health and environmental risks. A growing public debate has arisen weighing the societal induced benefits against the potentially adverse ecotoxicological effects this technology may impose upon humans as well as the surrounding environment. Unfortunately, there remains significant scientiï ¬ c uncertainty re garding the behaviour of nanoparticles. This report attempts to address the possible hazardsRead MoreNanomedicine: A Tiny World Essay2111 Words   |  9 Pagesdiseases and repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level by using nanoparticles. (Appendix 1, Figure 2) Nanowires are one of these materials that can detect illnesses that are found in human body. Scientists are also working on the creation of nanorobots to improve the tools that are used in medical procedures. (Medical Nanobots, Kroeker, 1) However, nano-toxicologists are worried that these new materials which contain nanoparticles could be harmful to humans and the environment. (Nanotechnology DemystifiedRead MoreThe Drug Target And Mechanism Of Action1206 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand the drug target and mechanism of action of anticancer drugs. The main purpose of this essay is to explain the importance of the various mechanisms of action of cetuximab that ensure selectivity, efficacy and safety of Cetuximab compar ed to 5-FU. First, this essay will provide the history and description of 5-FU, then it will review and analyse its non-selective mechanism of action. Second, this essay will provide the history and description of Cetuximab, after that it will review and analyseRead MoreIs Cancer A Human Body?3657 Words   |  15 Pages They are built in the shape of bacteria. â€Å"They are made of silicon although not entirely mechanical. Part of silicon is the creation of legs instead of the flagella, which is the tail part of the bacteria† (Nanobots the Nemesis of Cancer Biology Essay, n.d). The article also said that they are equipped with a camera that helps doctors see the conditions of the body while the curing process is going on. Nanobots use carbon as the principial element in the form of diamond (Abhilash, 2010). This isRead MoreHumans and Our Culture of Gold Essay1780 Words   |  8 Pagesinherent marvellous glossy shine. Gold is particularly malleable, conducts electricity, d oesn’t blemish and blends well with other metals. Because of these exclusive properties, gold creates its ways into our everyday life in many ways or form. This essay explores the use of gold over time and perception of the cultures that surround by gold. Gold has always had remarkable significance, shown by most civilizations as a symbol of wealth and power. Gold has captivated most of cultures around the worldRead MoreThe Effect Of Food Structure On The Delivery3763 Words   |  16 Pagesnutrients. Moreover, the release of other molecules is also influenced by the food structure. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the food structure through various technologies, such as fluid-bed coating, spray drying, spray chilling, nanoparticles and emulsions. In this essay, two predominate parts will be addressed. The first part is the digestion mechanism and simulated in-vitro digestion models which can use to study the food digestion of humans. The second part is that the manipulation of the structureRead MoreTeaching And Mentoring Experience For Undergraduate Students1312 Words   |  6 Pageswith the focus on an interdisciplinary theme of biophysics and nanoscience. This skills-based course focuses on scientific thinking in the context of multidisciplinary topics and contemporary research areas, includes semester research projects, news essays, and video projects, and fosters collaborative assignments in order to establish a coherent curriculum and a flexible learning environment. My mentoring career began at an early stage of my doctoral studies. I directly supervised high school andRead MorePotential Advantages And Risks Of Nanotechnology1228 Words   |  5 Pages2004. (March 10), Responsible nanotechnology: Looking beyond the good news., Essay 1102 (http://www.eurekalert.org). Locke, L. F., Silverman, S. J., Spirduso, W. W. (2009). Reading and understanding research. Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://www.nanotechproject.org/ Scheufele, D. A., Lewenstein, B. V. (2005). The public and nanotechnology: How citizens make sense of emerging technologies. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 7(6), 659-667.

Origins And Influence Of Automobiles - 2580 Words

Origins and Influence of Automobiles in the Early 1900s Sean Francis AP United States History Mr. Ehrie June 5, 2015 Throughout history, engineers and scientists have achieved breakthroughs that allow the invention of the world’s most influential products to come into existence. Johannes Gutenberg s printing press of the fifteenth century allowed for books to be printed, copied, and spread as seen never before. The introduction of the Bessemer process by Andrew Carnegie in steel manufacturing brought about the construction of modern cities. Thomas Edison’s electric light of the 1800s lit up a world previously reliant on the light of daylight and candles. Innovations such as these are remembered for the same reason, which is that society and the way in which we live in it is still affected to this day by them. Following the victory by Americans of securing independence and sovereignty for Great Britain, the nation became a political, economic, and military, and scientific powerhouse within a very short time. By the late nineteenth century, a new marvel had appeared across the Atlantic in Europe: the automobile. Though transportation such as trains or steamboats had been widely available since the early 1800s, the automobile would allow people to trade in their horse-drawn carriages. In the late 1800s to early 1900s when the invention of the car made it across the Atlantic, a monumental change occurred that would,Show MoreRelatedCOO Impact on Consumers Purchases Essay example1565 Words   |  7 Pageseven though this strong link shapes consumer attitudes and belief, research relating to brand and COO proposed that the influence of a brand can be weak in the occurrence of country-of-manufacture information, For example, study showed that consumer beliefs about household appliance were strongly influenced whenever there was a similarity of brand and manufacturing country-of-origin. Chandrasen Paliwoda (2010) divided into three subcontracts i) country of manufacture product specific image ii) countryRead MoreProducts and Services for Consumers1441 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagerial personnel are all advantages of standardization. 2. Define the country-of-origin effect and give examples. Country of Origin Effect (COE) can be defined as any influence that country-of-manufacturer has on a consumer’s positive or negative perception of a product. Today a company competing in global markets will manufacture products worldwide and, when the customer is aware of the country of origin, there is the possibility that the place of manufacture will affect product/brand imageRead MoreToyota Case Study Analysis1553 Words   |  7 PagesToyota From: Toyota in 2009: The Origin and Evolution of the World’s Leading Automobile Manufacturer by: Charles Hill The Toyota Case study by Professor Hill includes several very interesting items for consideration. Among the most notable is the difference between Toyota’s manufacturing processes and those in use by the majority of the automotive industry, including the large automobile manufacturers in the United States. There are several important items that are integral to Toyota’s manufacturingRead MoreThe Supply Chain Of Supply Chains1235 Words   |  5 Pagesof product delivery to the business sectors. Figure 1 schematically portrays an average automobiles supply chain that incorporates a network of modest supply chains each with its particular distinct attributes. The complication of the automobile supply chain might be measured from the way that an average vehicle embodies approximately 20,000 parts with around 1000 sub-assemblies or modules. The automobile supply chain involves huge number of tier 1, tier 2, and tier 3 manufacturers or suppliersRead MoreCultural Confrontations of the 1920’s: KKK, Scopes Trial Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesthe fundamentalists, but were simply trying to reconcile the immediate discrepancies between Christianity and new discoveries in history and science. In response to modernism Pastor Clarence E. McCartney wrote that, were it completely under the influence of modernism the Church would become â€Å"A Christianity of opinions and principles and good purposes, but a Christianity without worship, without God, and without Jesus Christ.â⠂¬  Ultimately, the division came to a head in the famous legal battle betweenRead MoreHonda Yamaha1654 Words   |  7 PagesHonda become the leader in Japanese motorcycle market. In 1970s, when Honda began focusing on the automobile market, Yamaha saw an opportunity to attack and take territory in the motorcycle market. 1981 year-end Yamaha almost nearly market share with Honda, during this time Yamaha want to beat Honda become number one motorcycle manufacturer in Japan market. Even so Honda still committed them to automobiles industry, not seem to redeploying troops in order to protect its motorcycle market. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Debate Between Single Cue And Multiple Cues1435 Words   |  6 Pages(Samiee et al., 2005; Usunier, 2006). Samiee et al. (2005, p379) point out that â€Å"past research has inflated the influence on that country of origin information has on consumers product judgments and behaviour and its importance in managerial and public policy decisions†. The empirical study of Samiee et al. (2005) indicated that consumers had only a modest knowledge of the national origins of brands. Therefore, companies should pay more attention to reduce cost and deliver more value to consumersRead MoreThe New Modern Global Automotive Industry974 Words   |  4 Pagesof the automotive industry, has considerably quickened during the 1990 s because of the production of great overseas oppurtunities and establisment of incorporations between large multinational automakers. Industry professionals show that the origins in the increase of international trade in the automotive sector, time back to the technology transfer of Ford Motor Company s mass-production type from the U.S. to Western Europe and Japan following both World Wars I and II.2 The improvements inRead MoreThe Best And Worst Of The American Industrial Revolution1309 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s modern society (Hillstrom 10). As America itself was recognized as a place of prosperity and a chance at opportunities, the industrial revolution provided many immigrants a stable lifestyle. From all over the world, each individual of different origins had his/her own capabilities, which helped determine the right job. Regardless, the United States essentially needed workers to be an industrialization. Numerous immigrants had worked prior in industrial cities as skilled workers or in unskilled laborRead MoreEssay The Essex and Hazel Motes in Wise Blood by Flannery OConnor1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe Essex and Hazel Motes in Wise Blood by Flannery OConnor In her 1952 novel Wise Blood, Flannery OConnor presents Hazel Motess Essex automobile as a symbol for Hazel himself. The cars dilapidated state corresponds to Motess own spiritual decay; however, the initial quality of the cars workmanship corresponds to Hazels Christian upbringing, which he cannot deny in spite of himself. Motess identification with and reliance upon his car as a means of escape becomes ironic as the Essex

Physical Database Design Lecture Exampl Essay example

PHYSICAL DATABASE DESIGN EXAMPLES Example 1 – Consider the following relational database for the Super Baseball League. It keeps track of teams in the league, coaches and players on the teams, work experience of the coaches, bats belonging to each team, and which players have played on which teams. Note the following facts about this environment: The database keeps track of the history of all of the teams that each player has played on and all of the players who have played on each team. The database only keeps track of the current team that a coach works for. Team number, team name, and player number are each unique attributes across the league. Coach name is only unique within a team (and we assume that a team cannot have two†¦show more content†¦The Team Number field. ii. The Player Name field. b) Construct a B+-tree index of the type shown in this chapter for the Player file, assuming that now there are many more records than are shown above. The file and the index have the following characteristics: The file is stored on eight cylinders of the disk. The highest key values on the eight cylinders, in order, are: Cylinder 1: 1427 Cylinder 2: 1965 Cylinder 3: 2848 Cylinder 4: 3721 Cylinder 5: 4508 Cylinder 6: 5396 Cylinder 7: 6530 Cylinder 8: 7442 Each index record can hold four key value/pointer pairs. There are three index records at the lowest level of the tree index. c) The same as part b above, but now there are four index records at the lowest level of the tree index. d) The same as part b above, but each index record can hold two key value/pointer pairs and there are four index records at the lowest level of the tree index. Answer - a) Simple linear index. i. (Based on Team Number.) 12 1 12 3 12 8 15 9 18 5 18 6 20 4 20 7 35 2 35 10 ii. (Based on Player Name.) Barry Morton 10 Chico Lopez 8 Chris Vernon 9 Dave Lester 6 Fred Williams 1 Juan Gomez 3 Rod Smith 7 Steve

The Modernism Movement Essay Example For Students

The Modernism Movement Essay Modernism started as a movement around late 19th and 20th centuries. It rejected the conventional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organisation and everyday life as they felt it was incompatible with the new economical, social and political conditions that was emerging at that period of time. Many distinctive styles can be defined as modernist, but majority of them had very similar values and theories on different aspects of society. It gave birth to a whole array of art, cultural and political movements. Often referred to as an avant-garde movement at that time, it was a loose assembly of ideas. They believed in creating a better world. Mainly consisting of left-leaning political ideology followers, they had a vision of transforming every aspect of the society through the medium of art, design, architecture, literature, etc. During the early 19th century, Europe was marked by a number of wars and revolutions, it led way and gave birth to different move ments including Modernism. Modern day historians conceive, that the movement played an integral role and had a big impact in shaping the modern society we live in. Artists such as Pablo Picasso, Henri-Emile-Benoit Matisse were part of the movement embracing abstraction in the medium of painting. Bauhaus was one of the key institution that helped define the ideology of modernism in architecture. The illustrations commissioned for the book The world in 2030 A.D. can be seen as a prime example of modernist illustration. Edward McKnight Kauffer, an influential American-born artist known for his unique poster art was responsible for the images. The images were created using airbrush. The form and shape of the images were very intriguing and futuristic resembling robot like characteristics. Block images with a slight hint of light had a metal like effect imitating mechanised future. The book cover illustration by John Heartfield for instance is another image that springs up as modernist illustration. The image simply is of a human like figure but the elements of the body parts are made up of various mechanical accessories e.g. clock, levers, meters, etc. Modernists were convinced, technology was the way forward and the image in particular echoed that ethos. The poster designed by Adolphe Mouron Cassandre for the Nord Express was one of the iconic image during the later part of mo dernist era. The image has certain identical mark-making traits with other illustrators working around same period of time. The poster itself in some sense advocates industrialisation. The bold colours and figurative lines demonstrates the strength of industrialised future. Equality, and the desire to create a utopian world was one of the underlying principles of the modernists. George Groszs images often attacked the class system that was occurring in Berlin. The caricature drawings of the elite capitalist bankers and the disillusioned lower class people illustrated the critical problem in the society that made the movement ever progressive. Arrangement New York (1925) was a lithograph print of a heavily industrialised cityscape by Jan Matulka. Modernist architects were fascinated by the idea of simplicity in design, functionality and rejection of ornament, decoration, etc. The image underlines those ethics they maintained. In the field of art the broad movement in Western art, architecture and design which self-consciously rejected the past as a model for the art of the present. Hence the term modernist or modern art.'(http://www.tate.org.uk/collections/glossary/definition.jsp?entryId=174). The quote above initially supports the concept and the motive behind the movement. The movement rebelled against the traditional way of living and constantly progressed to accommodate the present time. Social and political agendas also had the upper hand on driving the modern art scene. At a time when technology was advancing at a rapid pace, modern art was a response to that. Furthermore the gruesome consequences of First World War mentally affected the artists. Charles Darwins theory on evolution clearly weakened the perception of the God creating humans and had a huge effect on the movement rejecting religious faiths. The illustrations made around that time reflects the change in economic, social, technology, arc hitecture and literature. Most of the images produced were facilitating the change. Images were used for different purposes for e.g. commercial, editorial, propaganda, sequential, narrative, etc. Illustrations I have chosen are varied for e.g. some were used for commercial purposes like Nord Express, where as some reflected the socio-economic state of their surroundings. Literature went through radical change during that period of time and book such as The world in 2030 A.D. was written predicting the future, so images were required to support the text. Therefore modernist Illustrations went hand in hand with the commercial world whether it be for a piece of text or an advertising campaign. This timeline can be easily observed as a start of commercial illustration. As the industrialisation spiralled out pretty much everywhere and an innovative approach to literature, gave a platform for the illustrators to display their communicative skills. .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f , .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f .postImageUrl , .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f , .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f:hover , .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f:visited , .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f:active { border:0!important; } .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f:active , .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u702cd7b7bf795c5e630f0a73a1c52f1f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Postmodernism In Groszs Germany, everything and everybody is for sale. All human transactions, except for the class solidarity of the workers, are poisoned. The world is owned by four breeds of pig: the capitalist, the officer, the priest and the hooker, whose other form is the sociable wife. He was one of the hanging judges of art.'(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grosz) The above quote from art critic Robert Hughes gives an insight into George Groszs imagination. The ideas displayed on the images he drew can strongly be related to modernism as it shows skepticism of the traditional way of living. A world where the ruling class undermined the workforce, no wonder Gros zs images ruthlessly depicted the characters in such way. Seeking a change in the socio-economic condition was many of the vital ethic modernists promoted. Modernism seems to define the cultural turmoil provoked by the industrial revolution for most of a century, 1880 to 1950. Its distinctive, perhaps defining, characteristics was a constant search of novelty.'(http://www.philadelphia-reflections.com/blog/735.htm) Industrial revolution was one of the decisive factor that saw the emergence of illustrations during the modernist era. Products were produced in scale that had never been made before. Imagery was required to appeal the masses on behalf of the product. A modernist ideology did exist in illustration world but they were more dictated to certain extent by the commercial sector.

On December 10, 1986 The Greater New York Section Of The American Inst

On December 10, 1986 the Greater New York Section of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the engineering section of the New York Academy of Sciences jointly presented a program on mining the planets. Speakers were Greg Maryniak of the Space Studies Institute (SSI) and Dr. Carl Peterson of the Mining and Excavation Research Institute of M.I.T. Maryniak spoke first and began by commenting that the quintessential predicament of space flight is that everything launched from Earth must be accelerated to orbital velocity. Related to this is that the traditional way to create things in space has been to manufacture them on Earth and then launch them into orbit aboard large rockets. The difficulty with this approach is the huge cost-per-pound of boosting anything out of this planet's gravity well. Furthermore, Maryniak noted, since (at least in the near to medium term) the space program must depend upon the government for most of its funding, for this economic d rawback necessarily translates into a political problem. Maryniak continued by noting that the early settlers in North America did not attempt to transport across the Atlantic everything then needed to sustain them in the New World. Rather they brought their tools with them and constructed their habitats from local materials. Hence, he suggested that the solution to the dilemma to which he referred required not so much a shift in technology as a shift in thinking. Space, he argued, should be considered not as a vacuum, totally devoid of everything. Rather, it should be regarded as an ocean, that is, a hostile environment but one having resources. Among the resources of space, he suggested, are readily available solar power and potential surface mines on the Moon and later other celestial bodies as well. The Moon, Maryniak stated, contains many useful materials. Moreover, it is twenty-two times easier to accelerate a payload to lunar escape velocity than it is to accelerate the ident ical mass out of the EarthUs gravity well. As a practical matter the advantage in terms of the energy required is even greater because of the absence of a lunar atmosphere. Among other things this permits the use of devices such as electromagnetic accelerators (mass drivers) to launch payloads from the MoonUs surface. Even raw Lunar soil is useful as shielding for space stations and other space habitats. At present, he noted, exposure to radiation will prevent anyone for spending a total of more than six months out of his or her entire lifetime on the space station. At the other end of the scale, Lunar soil can be processed into its constituent materials. In between steps are also of great interest. For example, the MoonUs soil is rich in oxygen, which makes up most of the mass of water and rocket propellant. This oxygen could be RcookedS out of the Lunar soil. Since most of the mass of the equipment which would be necessary to accomplish this would consist of relatively low technol ogy hardware, Maryniak suggested the possibility that at least in the longer term the extraction plant itself could be manufactured largely on the Moon. Another possibility currently being examined is the manufacture of glass from Lunar soil and using it as construction material. The techniques involved, according to Maryniak, are crude but effective. (In answer to a question posed by a member of the audience after the formal presentation, Maryniak stated that he believed the brittle properties of glass could be overcome by using glass-glass composites. He also suggested yet another possibility, that of using Lunar soil as a basis of concrete.) One possible application of such Moon-made glass would be in glass-glass composite beams. Among other things, these could be employed as structural elements in a solar power satellite (SPS). While interest in the SPS has waned in this country, at least temporarily, it is a major focus of attention in the U.S.S. R. , Western Europe and Japan. In particular, the Soviets have stated that they will build an SPS by the year 2000 (although they plan on using Earth launched materials. Similarly the Japanese are conducting SPS related sounding rocket tests. SSI studies have suggested that more than 90%, and perhaps as much